Most kanji have more than one reading, and the word decides which one.
white
The Jōyō Kanji table lists 5 readings for 白. Which one you use depends on the word it sits in, so learn the words below and the reading comes with them.
| Word | Reading | Type | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| 白紙 | はくしhakushi | On | blank paper |
| 空白 | くうはくkuuhaku | On | blank space |
| 白夜 | びゃくやbyakuya | On | midnight sun (also はくや) |
| 白黒 | しろくろshirokuro | Kun | black and white |
| 白い | しろいshiroi | Kun | white |
| 白雪 | しらゆきshirayuki | Kun | white snow |
| 白髪 | しらがshiraga | Special | gray hair (everyday speech) |
Special readings (jukujikun) are read as a whole word, so you can't split them by character.
Seen in JapanSupermarkets: 白菜 (hakusai, napa cabbage) and 白米 (hakumai, white rice).
Other kanji with many readings
Kanji came to Japan from China over several centuries. Each wave brought the Chinese pronunciation of its time and place, and Japanese kept the older sounds alongside the newer ones. Those borrowed sounds are the on'yomi. For example, 生 is セイ in 先生 but ショウ in 一生. Japanese also attached its own native words to the characters, and those are the kun'yomi.
Sounds also shift when words join: ひ becomes び in 日曜日, ひと becomes びと in 人々, and ふん becomes ぷん in 三分. That is why the readings listed in a dictionary don't always match what you hear.